Minimum commitments--which can take many forms, including revenue, service volume, or full-time employee levels--oblige an IT services buyer to consume no less than a certain level of business with the vendor, either annually or over the life of the contract. Such clauses are typically contained in a special section of the master service agreement or in the contract's pricing schedule. (See also: .)
For a time, IT executives were all too happy to sign on the dotted line, deeming minimum commitments a reasonable demand. Fast forward to today and--while IT service providers of all stripes continue to press for minimum commitments--savvy customers are pushing back.
"There is no benefit to the customer from a minimum volume clause," says Atul Vashistha, chairman of offshore outsourcing consultancy neoIT.
Indeed, minimum requirements deter clients from even when the current vendor is not performing. They also make it difficult to respond to major events like business downturns, changes in strategy, and mergers and acquisitions.
"The inclusion of minimum commitments creates an underlying encumbrance that limits client flexibility," explains Marc Tanowitz, principal at outsourcing consultancy Pace Harmon.
Outsourcing providers have their reasons for asking clients to commit to a certain level of business--some more defensible than others. Minimum commitments can enable vendors to recoup upfront investments, better plan staffing decisions, and ensure a certain level of revenue or profit.
"The suppliers have legitimate concerns," says George Kimball, partner in the San Diego office of law firm Baker & McKenzie's global IT and telecommunications practice. "Pricing and margins may be based upon some assumed combination of skills, facilities and other resources that might be skewed by drastic reductions or 'cherry picking'."
For example, in large infrastructure deals where the providers are compelled to acquire significant client assets, minimum commitments are not uncommon, says Tanowitz. Outsourcing vendors are also more likely to negotiate for strong minimum commitments from a client , says Vashistha. Putting a floor on the minimum amount of business the deal will generate provides some risk mitigation for the provider, should the work prove more difficult or costly than it seemed.
But many of today's outsourcing deals require less significant up-front investment by the vendor, particularly application development and maintenance contracts or newer . Customers who place a bigger premium on flexibility see little to like in minimum commitments clauses.
"In today's economic conditions, no client can safely and accurately predict longer term departmental budgets and thus there is no clear vision on outsourcing budgets," explains Vashistha. "Keeping up with minimum volume commitments can become very challenging."
Despite vendor pressure, some outsourcing customers are successfully pushing back on minimum volume commitments, says Tanowitz. They're finding other ways to satisfy an outsourcing vendor's need for ROI:
1. The client compensates the vendor for documented costs that cannot be reduced, eliminated or mitigated should they terminate the contract.
2. Client and provider agree to a tiered discount structure. The vendor captures a bigger (but reasonable) margin at lower volumes while the customer reaps lower costs when work increases.
3. The client, rather than the provider, funds any upfront investment necessary for the deal.
4. The customer opens up its strategy book to the supplier, offering insight into future opportunities, business conditions, and other factors that give the vendor confidence in the long term value of the deal.
5. The client offers to go public about the deal, improving the vendor's marketing position, or enlists as an "active referral" for the provider.
In most cases, IT executives will find it in their best interest--and entirely achievable--to steer clear of minimum commitments. Still, there will continue to be circumstances which necessitate minimums, particularly if the vendor makes a significant financial, operational or technical commitment in return for the deal, says Tanowitz.
IT leaders who agree to minimum commitments must remember, as always, the devil is in the details. Watch out for the following customer unfriendly terms that can show up in minimum commitment clauses. If you find them in your contract, read them carefully and understand their implications to your bottom line or negotiate for better terms before you finalize the outsourcing arrangement.
They're less desirable because they increase as the business grows.
If termination charges are modest, says Kimball, convenience termination is a realistic option and the customer enjoys considerable leverage if the parties have to revisit pricing on account of reduced consumption.
Avoid at all costs, says Tanowitz. They reset each month and do not allow the client to normalize any seasonal spikes or troughs in demand.
Not as bad as the monthly option, but minimum term commitments (i.e., over the life of the deal) allow shortfalls to be made up over time.
Providers may prefer service-specific commitments (in addition to aggregate commitments) because they may be operationally and financially independent or performed by different business units. A customer may prefer to forego the aggregate commitments, in these cases, or peg per-category minimums well below the aggregate percentage in order to maximize their flexibility, says Kimball.
The lower the threshold, the less likely consumption is to fall below that threshold.
If, for example, the customer must pay the full cost of a shortfall over the term of the agreement, minimum commitments can prove very costly. That would amount to "paying full price for services not being received," says Tanowitz. Alternately, vendors could ask for a percentage of the shortfall or take back pricing discounts on volumes that were not met.
Disengagement or termination assistance provisions will permit phased reductions in scope and volume or even eliminate minimum commitments in the months before the contract expires, Kimball says.