Privacy Shield is the replacement for the Safe Harbor agreement torn up by the Court of Justice of the European Union last October.
Like its predecessor, is intended to ensure that the personal data of EU citizens benefits from the same privacy protections when processed in the U.S. as it would within the EU. The court found the Safe Harbor agreement lacking in a number of respects, prompting officials on both sides of the Atlantic to negotiate a new agreement that would answer the court's concerns.
On Feb. 2, the Commission announced that it expected written assurances from the U.S. on a number of points, but did not immediately publish the details.
Last Tuesday, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker forwarded those assurances to Ve?ra Jourova?, European Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality, and on Monday, the Commission made these letters public, and issued a draft adequacy decision, the legal mechanism by which Privacy Shield is formally recognized as providing the same privacy guarantees as EU law.
EU member states and national data protection authorities will have a chance to review and comment on the draft adequacy decision before it becomes final.
The Commission also published the principles to which businesses will have to agree when they self-certify their compliance with the Privacy Shield agreement.
The agreement includes the creation of an ombudsperson to deal with complaints from EU citizens regarding U.S. surveillance of their communications and online activities.
Brussels-based business lobby group DigitalEurope said it welcomed the publication of the draft adequacy decision. The group counts Apple, Google and Microsoft among its members.
"Our companies are committed to ensuring a high level of data protection when executing transatlantic data transfers and are committed to working quickly to assess and implement the new framework, which contains additional new obligations," said its director general John Higgins via email.
For the Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA), based in Washington, D.C., "The Privacy Shield will provide strong privacy safeguards and legal certainty for companies, and enhances transatlantic trust." CCIA's members include Amazon.com, Ebay, Google, Microsoft and Yahoo.
However, Max Schrems, the Austrian whose complaint to the Irish Data Protection Commissioner about Facebook's handling of his personal data led to the end of Safe Harbor, remains unsatisfied with the new deal.
"The EU and the U.S. tried to put about ten layers of lipstick on a pig, but the core problems were obviously not solved," he said via email.
Schrems highlighted a number of unsatisfactory elements in the letters from U.S. authorities published by the Commission on Monday, including an authorization of bulk surveillance in Presidential Policy Directive 28.
PPD28 provides for six conditions under which bulk surveillance may be used: detecting and countering certain activities of foreign powers; counterterrorism; counter-proliferation; cybersecurity; detecting and countering threats to U.S. or allied armed forces, and combating transnational criminal threats, including sanctions evasion.
It also allows for some circumstances under which it must be used, such as to identify new or emerging threats, but notes that, whenever practicable, signals intelligence collection activities are conducted in a targeted manner rather than in bulk.
However, the CJEU found all use of bulk surveillance compromised the right to respect for private life.
"Basically, the U.S. openly confirms that it violates EU fundamental rights in at least six cases," Schrems said. "The Commission claims that there is no 'bulk surveillance' anymore, when its own documents say the exact opposite thing."